Chinese Kinship Systems Essay Example For Students

Chinese Kinship Systems Essay It would be impossible to disagree with the statement that Chinese kinship is based on male predominance. In fact this statement may even be under-emphasizing the control and absolute power that males wield across all levels of Chinese society. Of course, where their power initially comes from though, is through the family or termed differently the jia. It is this extended or ideal family that cultivates the consistent patrilineal form of control/descent and dictates that residence in said jia is primarily patrilocal. That being said, what I hope to be able to create over the following pages is a clearer understanding of the ideal (Chinese) system of control. This ideal system,based on the ideal of male predominance, is outlined impeccably in the writings of Baker, Watson and Xiaotong. There are also excellent examples of an ideal jia and its power structure in Wolfs ethnography, The House of Lim. But Wolfs ethnography also outlines examples whereby the ideal system of dominance is n ot always put into practice or is just not as smooth running as the writings of the 3 former anthropologists would have you believe. It is my aim then, to include examples of a patriarchal system encountering problems and realities that are difficult to explain in an ideal sense.There is little doubt, according to Baker, that the first and foremost aspect to understanding Chinese families and society at large is the importance placed on male relationships and descent that is traced through a male line. In contrast, women in Chinese society were given little thought and even less power. They were to be used as reproducers of the male line and to aid in home/farm labour, apart from this; women had only small amounts of power and responsibility. In fact, the patriarchal system demanded that a wifes only connection with her husbands family be through the husband himself. Her future then, was caught up with his and her sons only, and she is expected to see her husbands interests as param ount in importance (Baker, 1979).Yet, women and childbirth, were essential to the continuation of the patrilineal system, which started with the birth of a son or sons to any kinship system be they peasant or gentry class. It was considered vitally important in Chinese society, that a wife bare a son as soon as possible not only for the continuity of descent (Baker, 1979), but also for her own well being and position in her own family. I will return to this point later, but before going anywhere further it is best to ask why a son was so important in the first place? There is, of course, a myriad of strong reasons, one reason being that surnames were passed down through the male line. This process meant that a male child was needed to take the surname of their father not their mother. Meaning that surname in China was integral to creating a kinship system, which placed heavy emphasis on male superiority. It was through this handed-down surname, that the massive kinship systems such as a lineage or a clan could be generated and held together over generations and generations. Hereditary surnames were also the primary form of hierarchical family organization, and were inherently needed to practice ancestor worship. This type of worship, through a patrilineal method, was exercised even after kinship members had long since been deceased. The handing of the surname to a fathers son (s), then meant that he now existed to continue not only his present family but the extended family that came before him, and the jia that would surface in the future. Bakers use of a rope metaphor works well here, depicting a rope (standing for male heirs and descendents) which stretches back into the past and forward into the future. The rope at any one time may be thicker or thinner according to the number of strands (jia) or fibers (male individuals) which exist, but so long as one fiber remains the rope is there.That is the individual alive is the personification of all his forebears and all of his descendents yet unborn (Baker, 1979). Surname, then, depicted who you were, who you had control over and who you needed to respect and worship.Another major reason why a male child was so important in the Chinese kinship system, was the fact that inheritance followed the male line of descent. While it is interesting that Chinese kinship rules dictated that homogeniture be practiced, it was not as interesting that they followed the rule of inheritance through the male line of descent (I should clarify myself when I say not interesting, I mean it only in the sense of comparing China to other parts of the world where patrilineal inheritance was exceedingly common, yet the same places usually followed the rules of primogeniture not homogeniture). Inheritance usually involved the equal division of the family estate among brothers, which ideally occurred at the death of the household head or at a time agreed upon by all the senior kinship members. In contrast, while sons i nherited equal amounts of the estate, daughters usually inherited no farmland, property or any tangible/collateral goods at all. This was the case even though during childhood both sons and daughters were looked after by their parents, and both adopt the fathers surname (at least for their childhood, and possibly for young adolescence as well) (Xiaotong, 1983).Yet, by the time they reach adulthood and marriage is upon them, the son will continue to reside in the fathers home, while the daughter will be shipped out of her own jia and into the home of her arranged husband. This process of shipping out daughters is highly beneficial to the Chinese patriarchal system, in so much as the daughters must willingly take her new husbands surname as her own. Thereby becoming a part of his family and losing all ties to her own. Once this surname change has been completed, the daughters had no legal right to receive an inheritance that equaled or even resembled their brothers and as already ment ioned above, were not recognized shareholders in the family property (Watson, 1991). Ideally then, property is inherited by the son (s) whose obligation it is to support the parents when they reach old age. And by the third generation only the children of the son (s) carry on a continuous line of affiliation. The children of the daughter(s) in contrast, assume their own fathers surname and in turn become but distant relatives (Baker, 1979). In essence, this form of male dominance or patrilineal descent was utilized to the near exclusion of other ties, and as Watson puts it, this had of course a profound consequence not only on womens property rights but also on their ability to perform as the social equal of their brothers and husbands (Watson, 1991).It should be clear (or at least clearer) by now, that what is essential for the smooth running of a Chinese family is the existence of males, and more importantly the birth of males to a specific family. This in turn means that a union between a husband and wife must be formulated. It has been said earlier that most of these marriages were pre-arranged, usually before the son or daughter reached their teenage years. One important aspect of these unions is the fact that most newly wed couples continue to reside patrilocally. The newly inherited daughter-in-law comes to reside permanently with her husbands family, which is usually headed by a senior agnate or more specifically her husbands father (Baker, 1979). Sadly the majority of Chinese brides enter their husbands families and communities as hardly anything more than strangers. Which means that they have no social ties, nor economic ones to the new household they are forced to join. Due to patrilocal tradition, the newly created daughter-in-law must fend for herself and must establish herself in circumstances that may be far from welcoming (Watson, 1991). And because of the patriarchal systems that are in place in Chinese society, parents then before an arranged marriage can take place, already know that they can only rely on their sons for support, never their daughters. They know this will happen from day one of their daughters birth, no matter what happens she will leave the natal family and belong at some point to a separate non-natal family. It can therefore be possible to see just how important sons really are for the natal parents continued survival.For brides in China then, marriage means a change of address. In contrast though, most grooms continue to reside in the same communities that they were born into. This male-dominated system, as outlined by Watson, continues to create an environment in which there is a significant advantage for sons over and above daughters. Parents, Watson continues, realize that the skills of local daughters will be lost to the environment when daughters marry. In sum, patrilocal residence means that women do not experience the emotional, economic or status continuity that is enjoyed by their brothers a nd husbands (Watson, 1991).Interestingly, or perhaps ironically, is the fact that for women to improve their patrilocal position in their family, they must give birth to a male child as soon as possible. Before the birth of a male child, in an ideal Chinese family, husband and wife would not sit close to each other and would seldom be overheard talking to one another. Social stigmatization was apparent and readily enforced due to the supposed barrenness of the chosen wifes womb. With the birth of a son, a wifes position in the family was definitely strengthened. It is strange though by western traditions, to look at the absolute power such a young male child can have over an adult woman. For instance, the curtain of silence can now be raised and the child can signal the bonafide admittance of this woman into the family (Baker, 1979). The reasons, according to Xiaotong, that it is so important for the wife to have a male child is two-fold: 1) It ensures, in the first place, the conti nuity of the line of descent; and 2) it is a concrete expression of filial piety by the future father towards his ancestors. Everything prior to this has been based on the ideal or traditional system of kinship regulations. By no means is it an exhaustive look at the ideal rules outlining patrilineal dominance or patrilocal residence. What it instead creates is an image that Chinese society means to mimic. Of course there are times in reality where it is next to impossible to completely mimic or mirror the ways of an ideal society. What in turn is created, in society, can be termed a patrilineal modification. Some examples of this type of modification can be found in The House of Lim, which I will turn to shortly. But first I would like to include a patrilineal anomaly that occurs outside of traditional society. This anomaly deals with the possibility of a family conceiving no sons and instead conceiving only daughters. When this happens (though rare) a modification to the existing system must transpire. What happens is that said family, brings in an adopted son-in-law from outside of the integral kinship group. Once an agreement has been struck between the affinal and non-affinal parties, then the adopted husband will come and live in his wifes house with his wifes parents. Any children that are born into this union will assume the daughters parents surname, not his own (Xiaotong, 1983). This example is raised, because in and of itself, it contradicts what has been outlined before as a strict and claustrophobic patrilineal system. What this and examples from The House of Lim will show is the flexibility and variability that is also inherent to any kinship system.The Lim family in many respects in Taiwanese society, is both typical and at times atypical of the normal kinship forms found in the majority of Taiwanese homes (Wolf, 1968). Much of the atypical reasons, center around the size and inherent complexity of the Lims abode. Margery Wolf is quick to point out that the Lims household is comprised of fourteen permanent members and still manages to be the only family retaining the eminence of being, united under one roof. Ironically this situation is actually the ideal situation sought after throughout Taiwan and China. It is the aspiration of most families, to one day be able to house separate male dominated descent lines under one roof and under one headsman. What is common in reality though, is the occurrence of friction between brothers, especially married brothers living together in close quarters. No matter how strong the ancestral father or mother, the normal course of action is for the brothers to begin to squabble over power and domination of the family. And even though in a strictly traditional sense, the younger brother(s) should give in without a fight, this rarely happens in reality. The younger brother is meant to stay submissive, says Baker, and as long as the father is alive and the younger brother stays single, it is po ssible. Yet in most families, once the younger brother gets married the struggle for dominance escalates, with the only resolution the division of the family home and wealth (Baker, 1979). Wolf mentions this in her ethnography and goes on to say, occasionally a large family for a time escapes this fate. The Lim family was such a one. The potential new families were not realized. Lim Chieng-cua together with his wife and children remained along with his older brothers widow and descendents in an undivided family. This situation is what makes the Lims so unique. Their household becomes the ideal, or if you will, the prototypical stereotype of a perfect patrilineal family, where power and control is channeled through a single male head (Lim Chieng-cua). DRESS CODES Essay How was it possible then, that such an ideal structure was created in the Lim family, while other families succumbed to the usual separation? Many reasons are subtlety outlined in Wolfs ethnography, but two unique ones stand out above the rest. The first stems directly from Lim Han-cis strong character and personality. He was a true patriarchal head, a father who was exceedingly active in training and controlling his family (Wolf, 1968). Lim Han-ci generated for his family a reputation and a name, which survived his ultimate death. Though at times brutal, Lim Han-ci became a symbol to the Lim family, outlining what the family needed to strive for in succeeding generations. In fact, all fourteen members of the family protected the honor that Lim Han-ci created, as if he was still present and walking among them. It is through this type of patrilineal respect that Lim Chieng-cua was able to maintain such a high degree of control (Wolf, 1968). This of course, was not the only reason that power became vested in the hands of Lim Chieng-cua. Another focal point that transferred power to the third eldest was the death of Lim Hue-lieng. Without the events surrounding Lim Hue-lieng, it seems less likely that the Lim family would have maintained such close ties. His death strengthened Lim Chieng-cuas position immensely, because as mentioned above, there was now only one brother. And one brother meant that there should be no squabble over inheritance and more importantly no division of kinship power. Yet, if Lim Hue-lieng had still been living with the Lim family when he became terminally ill, his effect on the power situation might have been altered. What I am referring to, is Lim Hue-liengs past ventures into Taiwanese society, which caused a gap in the family, whereby patrilineal power shifted to the 3rd eldest son. Patrilineally speaking, Lim Hue-lieng should have inherited control over the family, or at least commandeered more power for his wife and sons. But this did not materialize due to his revolt at nineteen, against his family and more directly against his father (Wolf, 1968). His decision to join the lo mua was an act of extreme moral violence (Wolf, 1968). Such an act was reprehensible in such a patriarchal society, because a sons first duty was to obey, respect and support his father without question. In response to this action, a proud man like Lim Han-ci had no choice but to rethink the normal kinship structure. If his family was to survive, he had to ensure that a strong family head could be found. With his remaining time, a modification to the patrilineal system occurred in that all power and knowledge should now flow to Lim Chieng-cua.It is just this type of flexibility, on a situation to situation basis that caused the Lim family to remain united under one roof for so long. Sadly though, they could not maintain their unification indefinitely. Why not? It seems according to Baker and Xiaotong, that patrilineal power should have kept Lim Chieng-cua in charge until his death, but it did not. The patrilineal modification may then, have only delayed the inevitable. The inevitable being that Lim Hue-liengs first family (residing in the Lim household) eventually decided that Lim Chieng-cua was treating them with undue negativity and disrespect. The main culprit of the division, Lim A-pou, to her credit did not start to voice her displeasure with the situation until after her foster fathers death and the death of her husband. She believed (and probably rightly so) that because of her marriage to the eldest son, she would have some control over her own future particularly as the elder generations began to turn over their priority (Wolf, 1968). This position though, was compromised by the death of Lim Hue-lieng, and while Lim A-pou was still being consulted by the head of the family at this point. She was probably not given the amount of respect warranted to her position. From that moment forward, jealousy probably played an integral part in her quiet campaign for division (Wolf, 1968). And as arguments between Lim Chieng-cua became more frequent, she began to ur ge Lim A-bok _her eldest son) to also be less compliant in his dealings with his uncle (Wolf 1968). Ideally this should not have been allowed, but according to Wolf,Lim Chieng-cua was not the father. He was only the eldest male of the family and was a second son at that. The widow of the eldest son (Lim A-pou)- the son who under ordinary circumstances would be in Chieng-cuas position -is still alive and now has a son (Lim A-bok) who is contributing a full share to the family budget. Undoubtedly this ambiguity in structure of the family influences the attitudes of Lim A-pou and her son.This ambiguity was the eventual death of the united Lim family. Walls were mounted, positions dissolved and property/wealth were divided up as equally as possible. It was not though, the death of the patrilineal system. Patrilocal residence would continue for all of the Lim (future) families, ancestral worship would also continue and male dominance and gender inequality would still reign supreme. In fa ct very little underneath the surface or socially would change at all, the family would remain a residential and economic unit composed primarily of males. And in order to reproduce itself it would still be forced to import women as brides, and dispose of females born into it by marrying them off to other families. Finally, it would continue to lay heavy stress on relationships through males, and tended to play down those through females, while there was an accompanying stress on the importance of men as opposed to women (Baker, 1979).

Which are the effects of cellphone messaging on te Essay Example For Students

Which are the effects of cellphone messaging on te Essay enagers? Slavery orWhich are the effects of cellphone messaging on teenagers? Slavery or freedom?We hear a lot these days about instant messaging, the ability to get/send a text message from/to anyone, anywhere, via wireless networks and some kind of portable device, which might be a fancy pager, a digital cellphone or a palmtop computer. The technology is here, though it doesnt work everywhere yet. We could argue about how affordable or reliable instant messaging is, but we cant deny it exists and will probably become more widespread. But is this a good thing? In my opinion, there are certain ways in which cellphone messaging affects many teenagers. Some teenagers believe that with the text message communication, enables them to express their feelings freely and sincerely to someone. This is why they like to be plugged-in with it all day long. I think that it depends on each person when considering if cellphone messaging is a kind of slavery or freedom because I belief in free will, therefore each of us have the choice of doing it or not. There are times when its good, to ask for homework, to reach you in an mall, on a bus, at the theatre, or to call your mom so that she can pick you up from someplace. The important thing may be to know when to leave the cellphone or pager at home. Unfortunately, for some people, the fact that these things exist creates the expectation that theyll always use them. People need time away from work, time to be with their families, or with their cats, time to study, or just time to be alone. Many teenagers are forgetting that, and technology is making it too easy for them to do so. And yet, in the e nd I think it is a good thing, because an instant text message is less intrusive than a phone call. Anyone can send you a message, but you only have to deal with those that matter. Thats better than the cell phone, which more or less forces you to answer without knowing if the call is important or not. But, instant text messaging isnt so great after all. We just dont need more technology to help others intrude on what little private time we have left. When instant messaging is common, people will expect instant answers. If were wise, we will resist. Quick response is good when it matters, but theres more to life than being available anytime, anywhere. Teenagers must consider the importance of being concentrated when studying. Otherwise, we wont be able to learn in a good way. Things are done in a better way if we do them each at a time. Most of the effects of cellphone messaging on teenagers may be negative due to the fact that theyre used just to chat and gossip and not for important stuff, as used by adults. When a teacher is giving a new class, we may be distracted by a text massage. If we dont pay attention, more probably, well get a low grade on the next quiz. But that does not only represents a bad grade, but an emptiness in the students memory because he might have lost or misunderstood a concept that may be important to comprehend further theories or themes. Text messaging may also become a vice, and anyone could even become an addict. Some teenagers may eat in a wrong way or not even eat at all, just to answer to a message. Also, people may become very dependant to the cellphone messages and produce anxiety or other negat ive effects when they are unable to have it. At some extremes, they may cause problems with someones relationships because he/she cant just leave the phone. We can think of many other effects of cellphone messaging on teenagers.

Make Sure That You Know What You Are Writing

Make Sure That You Know What You Are WritingIt is the dream of every student to write an effective response essay sample thesis. In some cases, students will be able to write a better response essay because they can read the sample as well as sample thesis. The sample can even have some ideas to improve your response essay sample thesis or even show you how to fix the flaws.You will be able to find the typical response essay sample thesis in the yellow pages, in the bookstore or online. However, if you have the extra cash, you can even buy them from schools. The schools will give you a list of the response essay sample thesis for your review.With the response essay sample thesis, you need to make sure that you know what you are writing. It is important that you finish the paper before it becomes a joke. Writing a typical response essay sample thesis takes so much time and effort. With this, you are more likely to finish the paper early than to write the thesis at all.While you will b e able to get some ideas from the sample thesis, you may also have a way to improve the thesis. The main idea is to have some ideas to improve your thesis. In this way, you can even get the sample thesis for free.When you are getting the sample thesis, make sure that you look for some mistakes or bad points about your subject. Look for possible changes that can improve your thesis. By doing this, you will find more ideas for improvements in your response essay sample thesis.You may also have the chance to send the sample thesis to your instructor. You can even request for a response essay sample thesis online. This will allow you to revise the thesis even before it is sent. The instructor may even ask you to do some revisions before it is sent out to the class.Although the sample thesis will help you improve your thesis, it will still be up to you to write the thesis. The one thing that you must remember is that you can't just copy the sample thesis. You need to take note of what yo u learned from the sample thesis. The final result may still differ depending on how you can make the correction.

Adoption of Electronic banking system in Ethiopian Banking industry Barriers and Drivers free essay sample

1. Introduction This review assesses the thesis ‘Adoption of Electronic banking system in Ethiopian Banking industry: Barriers and Drivers’. The review will first describe the research problem the thesis tries to address. Secondly, it critically assesses the validity of the research question in light of the stated research problem. In the third place, the review will also examine suitability of research design, type of data collected and data collection method elected, the sample selected, and method of data analysis. The review also evaluate whether or not findings are framed in accordance with the research questions established and that the conclusions follow findings and that recommendations are based on conclusions drawn. The review will also identify the weakness and strengths of the research and finally makes out the lessons drawn out from the thesis review. 2. Description of the research problem Basically the researcher intended to address the problem that Ethiopian banking industry is facing due to the underdevelopment of E-banking in the country. We will write a custom essay sample on Adoption of Electronic banking system in Ethiopian Banking industry: Barriers and Drivers or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page In comparison to the banking industry operating in the developed country, it is undeniable that the banking industry in Ethiopia is undeveloped. Even though the international trade and import and export business of the country have been growing, the banking system is short of providing efficient and dependable services. E-banking has lots of benefits in delivering banking services to bank customers even though the service consumers are not enjoying with the technological advancement in banking sector which has been entertained elsewhere in most developing and developed countries. The reason for this is lack of awareness or competition among banks. The situation in Ethiopia in connection with the low extent of ICT infrastructure like in developing nations is also the major problem which has not been able to diffuse in the society given the low rate of internet access. 3. Assessing the validity of the research questions in light of the stated research problem The researcher developed the main research question and in order to be able to provide an ample justification to answering the main research question, he has drawn out three basic research  questions to be addressed in the research. The main research question is â€Å"What are the dimensions affecting the adoption of E-banking system in Ethiopian banking industries?† And the three questions are as follows. 1. What are the barriers to E-banking adoption in Ethiopia? 2. What are the drivers for E-banking adoption in Ethiopian banking industry? 3. What are the benefits of E-banking? As the thesis described a research study that was conducted by the researcher, the thesis contained valid research questions that can addresses the problem stated in connection with e-banking in Ethiopia. The researcher tried to answer the main question regarding the dimensions that affect the adoption of e-banking system with the three sub questions that are related with the barriers, drivers and benefits of E-banking. The first question addresses the barriers that hinder banks in Ethiopia from rendering E-banking services and which contributes to its underdevelopment. The researcher tries to answer with this question not only the barriers but also the numerous challenges the Ethiopian banking industry faces to adopt E-banking system and capitalize on the opportunities by using the ICT applications. The second research question deals with the drivers or the benefits generated from adopting E-banking in Ethiopian banking industry. With this question the researcher intended to list factors that contribute to the development of E-banking in the banking industry in Ethiopia. With the third question the researcher tried to manage answering the benefits generated in using E-banking technology that would have a direct contribution to the improvement of the current banking system which in turn enable the E-banking to provide efficient and dependable services. Therefore, all the research questions developed by the researcher are valid in addressing the research problems. 4. Examining the suitability of research design, type of data collected and data collection method elected, the sample selected, and method of data analysis. 4.1 Suitability of research design The researcher adopts both quantitative and qualitative (mixed) research methodology so as to attain the objective of the study and answer the research question. Such data collection method is used in undertaking this  study in order to gather data that could not be obtained by adopting only either quantitative or qualitative method and for triangulation. The research strategy engaged in the research was survey study and data were collected by using questionnaire and interview. SPSS was used to analyze the data. 4.2 Type of data collected and data collection method selected The type of data collected in this study was primary data. The method of data collections technique consists of Survey, interviews and document analysis. Regarding the survey, questionnaire was distributed to the staff of the four purposively selected banks: one state owned and three private commercial banks to identify their intension on the adoption of E-banking systems. The questionnaire was distributed to 160 employees, all the staff of E-payment or IT department of each bank was participated in the study. Interviews were conducted with the managers of the purposively sampled banks and with one person (banking department manager) at National Bank of Ethiopia. Collecting of data by using questionnaire and interview were supported by different documents obtained from records and reports of the industry, from web site, books, articles and Journals. 4.3 Sample Selected The research was conducted on the samples of 4 commercial banks, one from state owned commercial bank and private commercial banks. These samples were chosen purposively based on their familiarity with technological innovations in Ethiopia. And this technique also decreases the generalizability of findings. 4.4 Method of data analysis. The researcher analyzed the data collected through survey to statistical populations concerning the adoption of E-banking system. The data collected via questionnaire was analysed with descriptive statistics using statistical package for social scientists (SPSS). And the data that was collected from the interview and review of documents were interpreted qualitatively. 5. Evaluation of the Findings whether they are aligned with the research questions established and that the conclusions follow findings and recommendations are based on conclusions drawn. 5.1 Evaluation of the Findings whether or not they are framed in accordance with the research problem established The findings were developed towards the end of the thesis identifying the barriers, drivers and benefits generated from the  adoption of E-banking in Ethiopia. Three factors that determine barriers are stated in the findings section as: 1. Technological barriers – Security risk and lack of trust on the technological innovation used by the banking industries. 2. Organizational factor – financial cost and human resource is considered. However financial costs were not considered as barrier for the adoption of E-banking in Ethiopia. Regarding human resource, lack of technical and managerial skills to use and implement the system is considered as a barrier. 3. External environmental factors – lack of legal framework that govern E-banking system at national level is mentioned in the findings. In addition to this, lack of ICT infrastructure and absence of competition between local and foreign banks were also identified as barriers in the research. In the study basic benefits banks could get from utilizing E-banking are spotted out. Those benefits are considered as the driving force for the adoption of the electronic banking system. The two drivers are classified based on Technology Acceptance Model (TAM): perceived ease of use and perceived usefulness. This is considered as a major benefit of using E-banking system. The other benefit searched out was its usefulness in terms of time and cost saving. The two benefits are basic and that they drive the banking industry to adopt technological innovations. The study also come up with the list of benefits acquired in implementing the E-banking system such as enhancing customer satisfaction, reduce the number of customers that appear to the banks in person, increase the productivity of banks, increase reliability and accessibility of banking service, create good relationship between clients and bank and also used as a better information control. From the above stated findings point of view the researcher well framed and the findings are in accordance with the research questions. All questions are addressed in the findings. 5.2 Evaluating the relationship of the Conclusions and Findings In assessing the conclusions drawn out from the study and check their relationship with the findings, the conclusions are summarized as follows. Lack of legal frame works and low level of ICT infrastructure contributes to the undeveloped E-banking system, such as ATM, mobile banking, internet banking and other e-banking services. The security risk and lack of trust on the use of technological adoption are other major barriers for the E-banking system. The imperfect competition among local and foreign banks is also another challenge for the adoption of E-banking in the  country. The limited technical and managerial skills available in the country for maintaining E-banking system. And regarding the benefits the study concluded the following. Perceived Ease of use is the basic benefit of E-banking in which it enables bank staff to perform banking activities in a simple way. Perceived usefulness in which it is used for time saving and Cost reductions are very great potential for banks to improve their public image. The understanding of the barriers to E-banking system implementation discovered in the study also help to take the best course of actions to promote the development of E-banking. This will also be valuable to all banking sectors of the country to increase their awareness and understanding of E-banking benefits. The conclusion is structured well, it also follows the finding and is in accordance with the findings of the study. 5.3 Assessment of the relationship between Recommendations and Conclusions Based on the conclusions the researcher recommends the following. The recommendations address each of the conclusions drawn out in the study. The National Bank of Ethiopia needs to urgently establish a clear set of legal frame works on the use of E-banking in the banking sector. This will successfully facilitate E-banking implementation in Ethiopia. ICT infrastructure is the main prerequisite for triumphant adoption of E-banking. So the government should support the banking industry by providing ICT infrastructure development. So as to survive and become competent in the banking industry, banks need to move away from traditional bank competition to a new technology focusing on cost reduction, customer retention, awareness, credibility, security, ease of use, and wider scope of products and services. In order to be able to best use of the E-banking system, banks need to familiarize their customers with the process and inform them the benefits they get from the system. Banks should pay special attention to deliver services to customers by using E-banking system which is ease of use.

Free Essays on Waking Life

Richard Linklater accomplished a vision that he had almost scrapped until the immergence of a new technique in rotoscoped animation. Waking Life is a film infused with the power of animation that takes us through a journey of dreams and makes one question their own reality. The method of animation used was the step to making this powerful piece of cinema a reality and would not have happened without it. Rotoscoping was inventing in 1915 by animation pioneer Max Fleischer. It is a method that takes live action footage and traces over the images to produce very realistic movement. It is because of this tracing method that some feel rotoscoping is a sort of a cheat or easy way out. However, rotoscoping and other forms like it are a way to explore animation and its creativity even further; it allows animators more artistic freedom by saving labor: â€Å"To not use these labor saving methods and tools would take us back to the days when acetate cells weren’t invented and you had not only to animate every frame but had to redraw the background every time as well.† It was this type of freedom that allowed everyone involved with the piece to create a film that is just as visually stunning as it is narrativly. Director Richard Linklater wanted to bring artist, like painters, who did not necessarily know anything about producing animation and involve them in the process as animators. To accomplish this Linklater enlisted animator Bob Sabiston as art director. Sabiston brought with him his own developed software nicknamed RotoShop. This software was the tool that allowed artists of all animation levels to create their visions. It is a system that allows artists to trace over the video (Quicktime) with Wacom pens and tablets with results that are very close to brush strokes on a canvas. This method is accelerated due to the software’s interpolation system, which automatically connects lines within so many frames. Sabiston co... Free Essays on Waking Life Free Essays on Waking Life Richard Linklater accomplished a vision that he had almost scrapped until the immergence of a new technique in rotoscoped animation. Waking Life is a film infused with the power of animation that takes us through a journey of dreams and makes one question their own reality. The method of animation used was the step to making this powerful piece of cinema a reality and would not have happened without it. Rotoscoping was inventing in 1915 by animation pioneer Max Fleischer. It is a method that takes live action footage and traces over the images to produce very realistic movement. It is because of this tracing method that some feel rotoscoping is a sort of a cheat or easy way out. However, rotoscoping and other forms like it are a way to explore animation and its creativity even further; it allows animators more artistic freedom by saving labor: â€Å"To not use these labor saving methods and tools would take us back to the days when acetate cells weren’t invented and you had not only to animate every frame but had to redraw the background every time as well.† It was this type of freedom that allowed everyone involved with the piece to create a film that is just as visually stunning as it is narrativly. Director Richard Linklater wanted to bring artist, like painters, who did not necessarily know anything about producing animation and involve them in the process as animators. To accomplish this Linklater enlisted animator Bob Sabiston as art director. Sabiston brought with him his own developed software nicknamed RotoShop. This software was the tool that allowed artists of all animation levels to create their visions. It is a system that allows artists to trace over the video (Quicktime) with Wacom pens and tablets with results that are very close to brush strokes on a canvas. This method is accelerated due to the software’s interpolation system, which automatically connects lines within so many frames. Sabiston co...

Business Eithics (British Airways) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Business Eithics (British Airways) - Essay Example This is because the directors and managers are charged with corporate governance by the owners of the entity and hence, one would expect them to be focused on meeting the best needs of the owners of the entity in question. The fundamental question is how do the people charged with corporate governance meet the best needs and expectations of the owners of an entity? There are two approaches to answering this question (Fernando, 2009). The first is the shareholder approach. Under the shareholder approach, a business has two fundamental objectives: to obey the law and to maximise shareholders wealth (Fernando, 2009). This approach suggests that managers need to put everything aside and only focus on profit maximisation. The second approach, which is known as the stakeholder approach states that the people charged with governance have a fundamental duty of maximising profits under the constraits of respecting the obligations owed to external stakeholders (Fernando, 2009). Freeman et al (2010) define stakeholders as â€Å"any group or individual that can affect or is affected by the achievement of a corporations purpose† (p86). This means that any entity that is within or outside an entity that is influenced or influences the activities of a company in its bid to meet its objectives is known as a stakeholder. In analysing the fundamentals of the key debates in this area, Mullerat identifies that the shareholder perspective is based on the short term vision of maximising returns on investment (2009). On the other hand, the stakeholder perspective supports a longer term theme of promoting sustainability in profit making and this is the best way to ensure that a business thrives into the future. British Airways is fundamentally operated as a company and thus, it has a profit motive which requires the management and those charged with governance to make

Cooperative Learning Research Proposal Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Cooperative Learning - Research Proposal Example This may be due to the fact of clashing personalities and possession of strong ideas that may be hard to reconcile with others. In this regard, cooperation is hailed as a fundamental concern, not only of the educators but also in both local and global organization perspectives (Slavin, R. et al., 1985) The purpose of this paper is to present and exemplify some possible solutions that address to the emerging problem in the aspect of cooperation, as well as to cite possible ways in order to enhance the so-called cooperative learning among members of a team, group, an organization, or the stakeholders in general. "We are intelligent, but an intelligent human alone in the forest would not survive for long" (Slavin, 1985, p. 5). This quoted line from Robert E. Slavin (1985) exemplified the essence of cooperation with other individuals living in the society. In this manner, there must be a need to develop one's skills to cooperate and socialize with other human beings. Nevertheless, conflicts are also inevitable in due course of human group interaction. This may be due to the individual characteristics that could affect group interaction.