How social or economic issues in this country influence the roles Essay

How social or monetary issues in this nation impact the jobs ladies and men play in the family today - Essay Example also, helped by the women's activist development, the quantity of ladies in the workforce has heightened since the 1970’s, a social wonder that has reclassified the jobs of the two guardians. Progressively, moms are contributing more to the family funds while fathers are investing a greater amount of their energy thinking about the children. In spite of the fact that some denounce this unavoidable and important condition since they dread the breaking down of the customary nuclear family is adverse for kids, the proof shows that the inverse is valid. For most by far of moms, going to work each day while leaving their kids with substitute mothers is obviously not a matter of decision as some have recommended. Of the ladies who work in two-parent homes, in excess of 80 percent have companions who get $30,000 every year or less. A mother’s decision by and large is to either permit their kids to live in miserable neediness or to go to work. In spite of the fact that among the minority, some working moms have decided to proceed with their vocation interests following labor yet in either case, the working environment is only occasionally helpful for the family worries of moms, or fathers besides. Only from time to time do bosses permit a mother to take a year or two off to think about little youngsters without relinquishing position or work status and are commonly disturbed when mother is frequently summoned to go to issues concerning a kid. The decisions are hard for moms. The unsympathetic mentalities towards working moms amon g certain groups of the general population and most managers are not useful nor lined up with the real world (â€Å"Working Mothers†, 1999). Today, in excess of a fourth of every American child live in homes containing one parent, typically the mother, who must work to help the family. Some accept that the mark ‘good mother’ suggests one that obediently fills her cultural job by staying home with the kids. This conviction depends entirely on biased and obsolete generalizations and not on common logical information which shows that

Social Work Essay -- Papers

Social Work Social work is situated inside the absolute most complex issues and astounding regions of human experience, and therefore, social work is, and must be, an exceptionally talented activity.† (Trevithick, 2000,p.1) Clarify the importance of this announcement, and consider whether it is an sufficient meaning of the idea of social work. The point of this task is to talk about the understanding of the proclamation offered above, to examine this definition and contrast it with others that are accessible and to close by talking about whether this is a sufficient definition comparable to the idea of social work. So as to completely talk about the announcement given by Trevithick it is critical to know about the historical backdrop of social work and to watch the changes that have happened throughout the hundreds of years. Social work was created in the late nineteenth century with the usage of the Poor Law Report; this prompted the Poor Law Amendment Act of 1934. Preceding this date, Charitable Organizations took care of individuals who were incapable to think about themselves, in organization with the Christian church. It is faulty whether these associations offered assistance what's more, backing to individuals out of luck, or whether they just concealed away social orders most helpless individuals to remove the issue from the open eye. Likewise to the nineteenth century, social work in the 21st century offers backing and direction to helpless individuals. Though, the strategies utilized have been created and enhanced to guarantee that the administration client is accepting as high a nature of administration as poss... ...rs†. Since social work covers such a various scope of the populace and uses such a wide assortment of techniques this will make it dangerous to build a short definition that covers all zones required, as it likewise needs to depict the intricacy that is engaged with the calling on an everyday premise. This might be the reason there is such a different scope of definitions accessible corresponding to the idea of social work. Social work is a calling that changes continually in light of the fact that there is a extraordinary arrangement of constant learning included. Thoughts and points of view change constantly and in spite of the fact that the usage of the new degree will guarantee that every social laborer convey a support of as high a standard as conceivable this is just reachable as a result of the change in norms set up by the General Social Care Council.

Duty of Care free essay sample

The term obligation of care alludes to the obligations and duties that somebody in control and authority has to those they are thinking about. In the zone of childcare and early years, educators, nursery laborers and other consideration laborers have an obligation of care to the kids they are taking care of and are answerable for. There is a general definition for obligation of care just as various definitions in more noteworthy detail. For instance good and legitimate obligations of care. Legitimate obligation of care is the place there are exacting laws and rules that state what must be done when thinking about an individual, for example, wellbeing and security matters. While moral obligation of care is the place there are no set laws or lawful commitments, however it is what is the correct activity in a circumstance ethically, for instance a consideration specialist soothing a youngster that is crying. In certain faculties we as individuals have an obligation of care to each other when we are connecting. We will compose a custom exposition test on Obligation of Care or then again any comparable subject explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page 1. 2 Duty of care inside the territory of childcare and early years assists with adding to the shielding and security of youngsters and youngsters. How this is, is that in working with youngsters care laborers, whatever their activity here and there, their job is to shield and protect kids from hurt. Anyway the laborers with an obligation of care to the kids are liable for the individual child’s/children’s government assistance, security and prosperity with more prominent impact. In having obligation of care set up kids are secured by having set legitimate figures in control that are liable for them and thinking about them to a superior degree. In having these figures the danger of disregard is a lot of lower and youngsters are more prominent secured through having somebody answerable legitimately for them, permitting them to be better directed and given more chances to flourish in a protected situation. The more youthful the youngster the more prominent the obligation of care, however by viewing the kid and giving consideration and care, the kid can be given the chance and opportunity to create as they should. In having obligation of care a laborer would in a flash have greater duty with shielding and ensuring the youngster/kids in everyâ form, including genuinely, socially and mentally. In this way the laborer with obligation of care to the kids/youngster ought to defend the kid/kids by: Observing the kids and surveying their turn of events, ensuring that the kid is growing accurately and whether any extra help is essential. Different organizations and guardians/carers/gatekeepers in such a circumstance ought to be educa ted. Likewise guardians must be routinely refreshed about their child’s progress to more readily secure the kid and permit the kid to thrive. The laborer should keep an eye out for any signs that a kid is as a rule abuseed or manhandled. By doing this the consideration specialist with the obligation of care can contact social administrations and permit the kid to be ensured and given wellbeing through the framework. By ensuring the kid is like this any future wounds or a potential passing ought to be adverted and the youngster accordingly can be protected. The laborer with obligation of care duties ought to likewise be liable for doing a hazard appraisal in the early years setting. (For instance a school or nursery) By doing this mishaps could be forestalled and the kids kept more secure from perils, mischief and wounds. By keeping up a very much kept condition the youngsters are more secure and less inclined to be harmed or hurt in any capacity. A laborer with obligation of care to protect kids could likewise plot setting conduct desires so kids don't hurt each other, or hurt themselves through battling for instance. This strategy assists with ensuring and protect youngsters genuinely, socially and inwardly. Possibly clashes and issues may emerge between the obligation of care and an individual’s rights, this circumstance in some cases can happen, a case of which is a youngster is being mishandled. For instance a kid in the consideration setting has physical wounds and his conduct has changed adversely. The specialist with obligation of care has seen this and expertly wishes to contact social administrations or illuminate the director. Anyway when gotten some information about the wounds the kid comes up with reasons and advises the laborer not to educate another part regarding staff. In this circumstance the kid is in danger and possibly in harm's way, hence the laborer with obligation of care has a duty to the kid to ensure the youngster and defend him against peril. Anyway illuminating the administrator or reaching social administrations could be classed as damaging the child’s rights for classification and individual decision. In revealing the circumstance the carer would basically be conflicting with the child’s individual wants and this is the place some contention and quandaries might emerge. When there are clashes, there too can be dangers related with this, how that these dangers could be overseen by searching out and accepting extra help and exhortation on the best way to manage the circumstance. Regularly a consideration specialist expects help to permit them to work viably and give the kid in need the most ideal treatment. For this situation dangers must be given and figured out how to permit the youngster to comprehend the circumstance and have a sense of security and very much dealt with. One hazard in this contention is that the kid might â€Å"slip through the net† and pointless injury and damage could be dispensed. Anyway another hazard is if a consideration laborer when managing the circumstance might get in a tough situation for disregarding rights and not acting in like manner and to enactment. Dangers ought to be figured out how to make a circumstance where no consideration laborers, youngsters or carers ought to be clashing contrarily and making a far more regrettable circumstance, or where more regrettable quandaries are being framed. Dangers are additionally overseen via care laborers following the arrangements and methods inside their initial years work setting. Likewise in obligation of care chance taking all in all with kids is time and again taken excessively far. For instance kid are it might be said â€Å"wrapped in cotton wool† and can't finish possibly increasingly brave difficulties, for example, climbing. Regularly care laborers with obligation of care will stay away from exercises with more hazard related with them, however by doing this it is basically blocking children’s rights to have the option to have and investigate new encounters just as create through deciphering, anticipating and maintaining a strategic distance from risky circumstances. Dangers can at present be taken and overseen in these circumstances to secure both the consideration laborer and the kids. At the point when care laborers require extra help and counsel about clash and predicaments regularly the administrator or other consideration laborers may assist with giving this. Anyway secrecy ought to be kept up whenever required. Every so often different experts might be tried to help give understanding and outside information on the current issue. Guardians are additionally ready to give valuable information and backing in some select situations; anyway it is once in a while more awful for the youngster to have any guardians or carers included. As a rule secrecy is superseded by obligation of care, for instance if a youngster is in prompt genuine peril and in danger from hurt. Be that as it may, here and there classification supersedes obligation of care. On the off chance that in an early years setting any grievances about obligation of care or different issues are gotten then broad approaches and systems are to be followed similarly as with any grumbling, regardless of whether the protest is about consideration obligation or some other circumstance. In some cases a parent may grumble feeling that obligation of care has disregarded their child’s rights, or that their child’s care has not been adequate enough. In the event that a parent complains, at that point the grumbling ought to never be overlooked, whenever disregarded the relationship and trust between the parent and the specialist/early years setting could be harmed and the parent may feel they need to expel their youngster from the setting. Moreover guardians reserve an option to whine on the off chance that they feel their child’s wellbeing or government assistance is in danger, they reserve an option to state in the event that they accept the setting isn't practicing a decent degree of obligation of care. In the event that a grievance arises, at that point the strategies and techniques of the individual consideration setting ought to be followed and worked out, ensuring that care laborers are as a rule fittingly secured and that the kid in questions rights just as the parent/carers rights, are being ensured and kept up. Generally Duty of Care serves to a huge degree to secure and protect youngsters in all situations and circumstances. Kids are being given assurance and are protected genuinely, inwardly, socially and mentally from their carers, other youngsters and from complete outsiders by there being a type of care obligation set up. Having obligation of care is a legitimate prerequisite and not to be trifled with when managing small kids. This framework is ensuring kids and permitting them to progress nicely and prevail for their future. Obligation of cheerful exposition test Question?Assignment 204 Introduction to obligation of care in wellbeing, social consideration or children’s and youthful people’s settings Assignment arrangement Assignment diagram In this task, you will show your comprehension of what is implied by the term ‘duty of care’. You will consider the kinds of quandary that you may emerge in grown-up social consideration work, and discover where to get counsel and backing to deal with these. You will see how to react to grievances, ensuring you know and follow concurred techniques. Errands There are three undertakings to this task. A Letter B Case Studies C Short answer questions Applicant name:Candidate number: Center name:Centre number: I can affirm that the proof recorded for this unit is my own work and was done under the conditions and setting indicated in the evaluation explicit

Improving the Accuracy of Arabic DC System

Improving the Accuracy of Arabic DC System The principle objective of this examination is to explore and to build up the proper content assortments, apparatuses and methodology for Arabic archive arrangement. The accompanying explicit destinations have been set to accomplish the primary objective: To examine the effect of preprocessing assignments including standardization, stop word expulsion, and stemming in improving the exactness of Arabic DC framework. To present a novel method for Arabic stemming so as to improve the precision of the report order framework. The new calculation for Arabic stemming attempts to beat the lacks in best in class Arabic stemming methods and managing MWEs, outside Arabized words and taking care of most of broken plural structures to diminish them into their solitary structure. To utilize Arabic content outline procedure as highlight decrease strategy to dispense with the clamor on the records and select the most notable sentences to speak to the first reports. To investigate the effect of various element choice procedures on the precision of Arabic archive arrangement and proposes and actualizes another variation of Term Frequency Inverse Document Frequency (TFIDF) weighting techniques that consider the significant of the main appearance of a word and the smallness of the word which can be taken as components that decide the significant highlights in the record. To actualize different classifiers and looks at their exhibitions. 1.1.Problem Statement In spite of the accomplishments in archive order, the presentation of report grouping frameworks is a long way from acceptable. report order undertakings are portrayed by common dialects. This implies DC is firmly identified with normal language preparing (NLP) which require information on its topic. As a rule NL uncovers a large number of syntactic and semantic ambiguities next to the complexities [45]. With regards to DC, a specialist attempts to address different issues emerging from attributes of reports during the time spent component extraction and highlight portrayal; or issues exuding from the characterization calculations. The accompanying segments give thoughts on examine issues. 1.1.1. Preprocessing Text Problem The preprocessing stage is a test and influences decidedly or contrarily on the presentation of any DC framework. Along these lines, the improvement of the preprocessing stage for profoundly curved language, for example, the Arabic language will upgrade the proficiency and precision of the Arabic DC framework. Despite the absence of standard Arabic morphological examination apparatuses the greater part of the past investigations on Arabic DC have proposed the utilization of preprocessing assignments to lessen the dimensionality of highlight vectors without thoroughly looking at their commitment in advancing the viability of the DC framework. One of the difficulties confronting the analysts in Arabic report grouping frameworks is the nonappearance of a solid and a successful stemming calculation. Arabic is morphologically a mind boggling language [46], it utilizes the two sorts of morphologies: inflectional and derivational morphologies. In view of these sorts of morphology, a solitar y word may yield hundreds or even a large number of variation structures [47]. The significance of utilizing the stemming strategy in the archives order lies in that it makes the procedures less subject to specific types of words and decreases the profoundly dimensionality of the element space, which, thus, improve the presentation of the arrangement system.â despite the quick research directed in different dialects, Arabic language despite everything experiences the deficiencies of analysts and development.â The cutting edge Arabic stemmers experience the ill effects of high stemming blunder rates because of its understemming mistakes, overstemming blunders, overlooked the treatment of multiword articulations (MWEs), broken plural structures, and Arabized words. Subsequently, the constraints of the present Arabic stemming strategies have persuaded this creator to explore a novel method for Arabic stemming to be utilized in the extraction of the word underlying foundations of Ar abic language so as to improve the precision of the report characterization framework in section 5. 1.1.2. Exceptionally Dimensionality of the Feature Space Very high dimensional highlights paces and enormous volumes of information issues happen in programmed archive order. High dimensionality issues emerge on the grounds that the quantity of highlights utilized in the order procedure increments alongside dimensionality of the component vectors[13, 15, 48, 49]. Down to earth models show that the quantity of highlights comprising the dimensionality could add up to thousands. Countless highlights are unimportant to the order task and can be evacuated without influencing the arrangement precision for a few reasons: First, the exhibition of some grouping calculations is contrarily influenced when managing a high dimensionality of highlights. Second, an over-fitting issue may happen when the characterization calculation is prepared in all highlights. At last, a few highlights are normal and happen in all or the vast majority of the classifications [50]. So as to take care of this issue, the element vector dimensionality is required to be diminished without corruption of arrangement execution. It was essential to extricate the highlights with high separating power utilizing different techniques.â Text outline, include determination and highlight weighting are normal procedures and strategies that are utilized in archive arrangement to lessen the exceptionally dimensionality of the component space and to improve the proficiency and exactness of the grouping framework. The term recurrence (TF) weighted by converse report recurrence (IDF) which is condensed as TFIDF can incompletely take care of the issue of variety in substance and length in the archives yet it can't tackle the issue of the dissemination of the significant words inside the record. By and large, the archive is written in a composed way to portray its principle topic(s). For instance, the fundamental subject for news stories may makes reference to at the title and the initial segment of the record to draw the consideration of the peruser. Along these lines, contingent upon the area, the archive parts may have various degrees of commitment to the records principle topic(s) [51]. In this theory, we propose new element weighting strategies that treat the issue of the conveyance of the significant words inside the record in part 6. So as to fulfill the goals expressed in this examination, the exploration inquiries of this investigation can be summed up as: What are the effect of content preprocessing methods, for example, standardization, stop word expulsion, and stemming in improving the presentation of Arabic DC framework? What are the accessible Arabic content preprocessing strategies to be actualized in this exploration? What are their favorable circumstances and burdens? How to look at and improve their presentation so as to improve the exactness of the Arabic archives order framework? What are the Impact of highlight decrease strategies on Arabic archive order? How to beat the issue of the exceptionally dimensionality of the element space and the trouble of choosing the significant highlights for understanding the report? Which arrangement calculations have the best execution when applied on various portrayals of Arabic dataset? 1.2.Research Contribution This examination centers around investigating distinctive preprocessing methods, dimensionality decrease strategies and exploring their impact on Arabic report arrangement execution. All the more explicitly, the fundamental commitments of this theory are as per the following: Show that utilizing preprocessing errand, for example, standardization, stop word expulsion, and stemming for Arabic datasets significantly affect the order precision, particularly with entangled morphological structure of the Arabic language. Besides, we exhibit that picking proper blends of preprocessing assignments gives noteworthy enhancement for the precision of record grouping relying upon the component size and characterization strategies. In this postulation, we propose a novel stemmer for Arabic archives arrangement. The proposed stemmer endeavors to conquer the shortcomings of root-based stemming method and light stemming strategy, notwithstanding managing most of broken plural structures, MWEs, and remote Arabized words. We contrast the proposed stemmer and the notable Arabic stemmers, including root-base stemming (Khoja stemmer) and light stemming (Larkey stemmer), to contemplate its commitment in improving the characterization framework. The examination is done for various datasets, order procedures, and execution measures. Show that utilizing report synopsis strategy help to improve the effectiveness of Arabic archive arrangement by decreasing the exceptionally dimensionality of the component space without influencing the worth or substance of records, at that point sparing the memory space and execution time for archives order process. In this proposition, we explore the effect of various component choice strategies, specifically, Information gain (IG), Goh and Low (NGL) coefficients, Chi-square Testing (CHI), and Galavotti-Sebastiani-Simi Coefficient (GSS) that significantly affect lessening the dimensionality of highlight space and consequently improve the exhibition of Arabic report arrangement framework. In this proposal, we explore the effect of highlight portrayal constructions on the exactness of Arabic archive characterization. The archive ordinarily comprises of a few sections and the significant highlights that all the more firmly connected with the subject of the report are showing up in the first parts or rehashed in quite a while of the record. In this manner, the proposed weighting techniques consider the significant of the principal appearance of a word and the minimization of the word which can be taken as components that decide the significant

Proactive and Retroactive Interference Explained

Proactive and Retroactive Interference Explained The human mind is like a book with an infinite amount of pages and more and more pages are added every single day because we are constantly bombarded with information left and right.What we retain from this information is actually the memory we hold in our mind.In order for us to even remember certain information we first need to come into contact with it, in other words we need to learn it and given the fact that, as I said, we collect new information every day what happens with the old memory of the things we already learned, and vice versa, is a question we today will try to answer.We see that there is some kind of interference going on in our brain when we want to recall old memory because of the things we recently learned or on the other hand the things we learned recently could be mixed up with the things we knew before that.And this is a common occurrence because we cant help but try to use all of our information stored in our brain in order to give an answer to the tasks, str uggles, and obligations of our day-to-day life.The idea is that this interference occurs because our long-term and short-term memories interfere with and disrupt each other meaning we forget things because both of those memories are used when we try to recall certain information.There are two types of interference:Proactive interference old memories disrupt new ones.Retroactive interference â€" new memories disrupt old ones.PROACTIVE INTERFERENCEAs I said, proactive interference occurs when the memories we already know restrain our capacity to recall the information we only recently learned which leads to us not being able to remember and understand that information.And this is so common that everyone has had an experience with proactive interference especially when we are trying to comprehend similar subjects such as learning a new language or trying to remember two lists of groceries to buy.Also, there is a connection between forgetting working memories and proactive interference because we couldnt forget our working memory if it wasnt for proactive interference meaning that we would easily be able to distinguish between old and new memory without any interference.But we know that this isn’t the case because our working memory serves one purpose and that is a quick and immediate conceptual and linguistic processing.It’s just short-term memory we use right then and there without much thinking because if we were to think of it too much we wouldn’t be as effective when using it.So our brain does a fairly great job in filtering the information we don’t need, using the information we need right now, and storing information that we will need later.Where does that leave proactive interference you may ask?As it turns out we cant remember exactly when we learned old and new information, for example, you learned some things at school which you use every day like calculating, reading, writing and so on, but you cant remember the exact day, hour and minute youv e learned those things.If you can, congratulations, you have an awesome memory.For most of us, that isnt relevant information we need to know in order to use the information we learned at school and we just look at the memories in our brain as a whole instead of time-specific data.In other words, our brain doesn’t care if it is old or new memory we need to use, it is using both memories in order to solve a specific problem.This means that proactive interference is sometimes unavoidable.EXAMPLES OF PROACTIVE INTERFERENCEI’m going to list some of the most common examples of this occurrence I’m sure all of us will recognize and in one point or another in our lives have experienced:Every New Year, after the first of January most people catch themselves to write the previous year when writing dates. This is particularly common with students when they come back from winter holidays and they start to write a new lesson or even while taking a test.This second example is specifically m eant for women who once they get married and change their last name sometimes tend to say their previous last name without thinking about it.  When you start learning a new language, for example, Italian, but you’ve learned Spanish before that, what you may experience is that you could end up mixing the vocabulary or grammar of the two languages simply because you’re already used to how the first language is spoken.Also, a common example is when we get a new phone number and then when someone asks us for the number we may fall into the trap of giving them our old one because we are just getting used to the new phone number.The last example I want to make is when we read a book we already read before and then all of a sudden it feels as we are reading a completely different book because we either didn’t remember the whole story or the things we do remember about it just vaguely slip our mind so now it seems as we are filling the gaps of the version we created in our minds when we first read the book.There are a number of specific examples we could add but these are some of the more common ones which I’m sure you will pay attention to from now one once you’ve learned about them.RETROACTIVE INTERFERENCEIn contrast to proactive interference, retroactive interference is the occurrence when new information gets in the way of our old memories meaning we get a disrupted image of the things we already know by learning or implementing new things.As in proactive interference, this is also a very common situation to be in and a lot of things depend on its occurrence, for example if you are perhaps a martial artist trying to learn new moves, you will find it hard to recall the old physical moves because the new moves you’ve learned are much fresher in memory and were more recently practiced.To get back to the point I made when talking about proactive interference, in retroactive interference, there seems to be an issue of unlearning the things youve known befor e by overwriting them with new information.This could be a huge problem considering the fact that if you rewrite old memory using new memory, there is no guarantee that this new memory will be more useful or even will you be able to recall to it better in the future.What I’m trying to say is that if we dont catch ourselves not being able to recall our old memory which is disrupted by new information, we could fall into the trap of doing a disfavor to our brain by in some way suppressing old information and exchanging it with a new one.I could imagine this being a good thing when for example you hated math and everything you know about math seems to you like torture but suddenly you’ve learned something from your friend who is a mathematician or you’ve watched an informative video about math so now you realize that math isn’t that bad just that what you’ve learned now is more effective and useful than what you’ve learned from learning it for 8 years in school.I mean the s ame goes for any other subject you’ve hated in school, so in reality, retroactive interference is a double-edged sword depending on how you view it.EXAMPLES OF RETROACTIVE INTERFERENCEJust as with proactive interference, the retroactive interference we experience from time-to-time is a common circumstance so lets list a few more frequent examples:One of the most common examples of retroactive interference is when a student remembers better what he learned at the end of the school year in comparison to the beginning of the school year.Another common example is when you start learning a new language, for instance, German, and let us say youve learned French before that, now when you try to speak French, the new words youve learned in German will start to pop-up interfering with your knowledge of French.When you learn new dance moves and later try to dance like you used to before, you may experience that you’re unable to do so because the new dance moves you’ve learned now someho w seem to be in the way of the old ones so you mix them up.Just as in the example for proactive interference, when you get a new phone number, you might not be able to remember your old one because you’re not using it anymore and you don’t have any use of knowing it.As you see these situations have surely happened to you once or twice and maybe not at all but it’s important to know which situations can trigger retroactive interference so you can try to avoid making mistakes in the future.SIMILARITIES BETWEEN PROACTIVE AND RETROACTIVE INTERFERENCEAlthough they cause the opposite effect of one another, both proactive and retroactive interferences do have some similarities which can be observed in their common occurrence.They are both based on the Interference theory, which suggests that the interference must result in either one way or the other.They rely on context in order for the interference to actually occur meaning they can both be triggered by the same situation, for inst ance when learning a new language or getting a new phone number as we mentioned before.The competition and association of old and new memories are what causes the disruption of memory in both of these interferences.These similarities mean that they have the same root just not the same consequence and it all depends on the situation that we’re in and also on our perception in that given moment.DIFFERENCES BETWEEN PROACTIVE AND RETROACTIVE INTERFERENCEWeve explained the main difference between these two interferences in terms that the first one disrupts new memories with old ones and the other disrupts old memories with new ones, but now we should explain how exactly do both interferences affect our mind and memory.Competition and unlearning â€" The competition between old and new memories is what causes both interferences but in the case of retroactive interference the process of unlearning is also an important occurrence.Forgetting â€" In terms of proactive interference, not being able to retain new information and quickly forgetting our working memory sounds bad and it is, while for instance when we talk about retroactive interference it lets us forget the information we dont need at that given time and replaces it with new information.Rest time â€" It is strange how rest time doesn’t seem to have any effect on proactive interference but in the case of retroactive interference it does have a significant impact on a person’s ability to block it out.We see that these differences have a great impact on the overall consequences of the interferences and do shed some light on why in some situations there is no rule whether we will experience one or the other interference.THE WEAKNESS OF THE INTERFERENCE THEORYEven though we explained what proactive and retroactive interference is, there are some shortcomings which should be examined in order for us to understand whether this is a common phenomenon related to all the information we receive or is there more to it.What the critics of the Interference theory have to say is that its main weakness comes from the lack of evidence that this interference could occur in all the information we retain and that just the information in a similar format causes the interference.This means that the interference is more likely to occur in situations when the old memory and the new memory compete with each other based on a related subject.To make a perfect example of these claims I will use the examples I already gave for both the proactive and retroactive interference and that is learning a new language which either disrupts the language they already learned or the previous language disrupts the use of this new one.We clearly see that both interferences can occur in the same situation and that is learning a new language, but this is only if we learned a language before that and for instance our native language would not be disrupted in one way or another mainly because we already use it constantly and do n’t have to recall it at all.The same goes for the other examples I’ve given and this is quite strong evidence which backs up the skeptics of the theory, but there are also plenty of psychologists who suggest that the theory is still true.THE STRENGTH OF THE INTERFERENCE THEORYNow that we’ve heard what the critics have to say, we should focus on the part of the theory which does have some chance of being true and is essentially based on the arguments which the critics use to abolish the theory.The argument is that the interference occurs in situations with a similar format and by that the overall occurrence of the interference is confirmed and even agreed upon by both skeptics and non-skeptics of the theory.The second argument for the theory is that it is such a common occurrence in every-day life that there is a great number of examples and even tests which have been carried out on the side of proving the plausibility of the theory.Whether you believe the weaknesses or the st rengths of the theory, the reality is that both proactive and retroactive interferences are occurring when we don’t even think about it or not.Truth be told, this theory has been researched for a little less than some sixty years so there are more questions to be opened and answered on this topic but that doesn’t mean it’s a false theory just that it needs further research done.I’m sure that in the future there will be more psychologists interested in this field of psychology and these kinds of articles help to shed some light on such topics.ODOR MEMORYIt seems that there is one memory that the proactive and retroactive interference cant disrupt and that is odor memory.Believe it or not, our ability to memorize certain smells and fragrance is so powerful that we can without any problems recall if weve already smelled that scent before or not.Psychologists believe that we’ve developed this ability to memorize certain scents back when we were cavemen in order to detect dange r by knowing which plants are poisonous or not to know to eat them and also by knowing the scent of the pheromones of animals that are in our near presence.Also, our ability to smell is directly connected to our ability to taste food which means that we also cant mix-up similar tastes of food leading to a conclusion that there still are some weaknesses to the interference theory which should be further put to the test.It’s amazing how this ability survived the test of time and how it can now be applied to the study of interference theory but most importantly how it can help us to understand the memory of the human mind which as it shows is more based on experience than on abstract thoughts.All in all, this is an interesting point to make when talking about the interference theory, whether it serves as an argument for those who are opposed to it or not is a matter of psychological studies which should be kept in the laboratories for now. WHY IT IS IMPORTANT TO UNDERSTAND THESE INTE RFERENCESThe main goal of understanding the cause of these interferences should be to know how to stop them from occurring or at least minimizing their effect because they can put you in awkward situations you don’t want to be in.Let’s take for example learning a new language and then not being able to use it properly because you’re bombarded with the grammar of the language you’ve learned previously.A quick fix to this problem is to try to recall both translations in your native language so that way you will select the translation you need.How do you think linguists and polyglots function?Because theyve mastered the languages they speak to such extent that they know a whole vocabulary of words and their brain is wired that way not to mix them up, so you can learn a thing or two from them and the things we talked about today in order to resolve this problem.Another point I want to make is that, although these interferences are a common occurrence they are not the cause of me mory loss just the process of forgetting the information you don’t need which isn’t that bad.Once you understand what they are and what causes them you will be one step ahead of knowing how to avoid the interferences from happening. FINAL WORDIn conclusion, I would like to summarize everything weve talked about today by saying that these interferences are normal and dont need to bother you too much if you experience them from time-to-time but also that by understanding them you will be more likely to spot if the interference is to come up.And although they can sometimes be embarrassing such as the situation when a woman mistakenly says her previous last name, they are a good mechanism for knowing how our brain works and reacts to similar content and to information we don’t even think about.There isnt really any evidence that these interferences are a sign of memory loss or some neurotic disorders rather that they are proof that your brain is working its best to use all the mem ory and knowledge it has.So if you think of it that way, if youre experiencing proactive and retroactive interference it means that youre using your brain to its full capacity, were not machines so a mix-up here and it is acceptable.

Uber Effects In Major Cities Marketing Research Assignment - 275 Words

Uber Effects In Major Cities Marketing Research Assignment (Essay Sample) Content: The Uber influences on Taxis driversUber has completely disrupted the taxi industry because of the accomplishment of combining modern technology with flexible payment and pricing methods. Uber is not a taxi company but rather, it is a ride sharing service.This essay will explain how Uber operates in the competitive markets.Uber is an online transportation company situated in San Francisco with operations in more than five hundred cities around the world. Uber Company gives clients an opportunity to use their phones to link up with drivers who uses their own cars to transport them from one place to another for a charge. Uber clients are on the rise progressively as a result of their contentment from the short time clients notice drivers to pick them up.Uber has steadily become disruptive in the transportation industry particularly to drivers and taxicab companies. It is most likely that taxi organizations have been hard-hit by Ubers operations across the world. Numero us autonomous taxi owners have extensive obligation benefit since the introduction of uber taxicabs and are currently profoundly submerged.With their future in question, taxi company owners and taxi drivers have reacted to Uber with organized demonstrations and political campaignings. All Over the world, and especially in Europe, taxis have attracted deliberation regarding their motivation by organizing demonstrations and roadblocks in major cities.Taxi owners are requesting their legislators to make everything possible by driving ride-hailing firms to comply with taxi regulations or boycott ride-hailing services totally. In spite of these difficulties, Uber keeps on growing because Consumers incline toward ride-hailing divergent options to customary taxi services. The three essential reasons are accommodation, cost, and services. As opposed to remain outside on a frosty way, a Uber client asks for a ride through a Smartphone. Once on the ride, the traveler knows the course the driv er will take and the cost estimate, which is generally spot on. After arriving at the preferred destination, the customer basically says goodbye and gets out of the car. No money is exchanged, no paper receipts are essential, and both the driver and the traveler rate the experience.For the most part, ...

Power of Love in Othello and Pride and Prejudice - 1908 Words

Compare and contrast how Shakespeare and Austen present the power of love in Othello and Pride and Prejudice. In order for love to be true it must come from both sides equally. Its power will not be strong enough to overcome all obstacles if its foundation is not pure. In Pride and Prejudice, Austen paints a portrait of the power of love as merely unbreakable whereas Shakespeare arguably portrays it as weak and vulnerable. Both Shakespeare and Austen use dialogue as a tool for the construction of their characters. Although Austen relies on narration as well as speech, Shakespeare relies completely on speech as Othello is a play. Arguably, before ‘the moor’ arrives in the play, he is described as an ‘old black rum’ by the ‘malicious’†¦show more content†¦With most characters in Austen’s novel, they often tend to give a different impression of themselves from the one they intended; a type of irony present in Austen’s novel. An illustration of this is Mrs Bennett, who adopts a sentence structure which is long and rambling, portraying her as a woman of ‘mean understanding, little information and uncertain temper’ (pg 7). The use of the triple syntactical structure by the narrator is forcing this painted portrait of Mrs Bennett’s character on the reader, and therefore right from chapter one this is how we think of her till th e very end of the book. The phrase ‘little information’ could also reflect on her moral status in the novel. Due to her ‘little information’, Mrs Bennett usually talks about inappropriate or unnecessary subject matters. For example, during chapter 9, Mrs Bennett’s states she ‘dine with four and twenty families’ (pg 43). This choice of subject matter is firstly unnecessary and inappropriate constructing her as narrow minded. Additionally, not being able to speak appropriately is punished by receiving a lower moral status in the novel than those who are able to such as the Gardiners. 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The s Multi State Network Of Free Public Charter High...

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Cloning Essay - 2110 Words

Many have imagined what it would be like to have a clone of themselves. Many have also feared the thought of having a clone. Due to popular belief that a clone would be an exact duplicate. An incorrect presumption made by many. Proceeding along side is the religious beliefs and the controversial ethicality and morality aspects of human cloning. A stance taken by many religions and their congregations. In reality the public has a very narrow sense of what human cloning is. Rather than research and understand the scientific aspect of human cloning, they instead take faith in what the media and movies portray human cloning to be. It is from this information source that a majority base their decision on weather†¦show more content†¦Presenting the idea of a rogue government creating an army of elite clone soldiers or to create a totalitarian society. Silver concludes that this scenario is of low probability due the fact that it would require that cooperation of many women in order to birth to these soldier or totalitarian clones. Silvers article is agreeable considering the fact that many people believe what they see in the media and movies, many are not willing to research the subject of cloning to find out what it is. Instead they let the media and movies decide weather cloning is right or wrong. In actuality seventy percent of the time the media and movies are bias, only showing one aspect of human cloning. Which unfortunately happens to be the negative aspect, because it makes the most money in television and movie ratings. Then there is the claim made by many that human clones are soulless vessels which is completely incorrect. Once taken into consideration the human cloning process is quite similar to that of invitro fertilization, both take place outside of the females body and both embryos are then placed into the mother where they are conceived, within nine months a child is born just like any other child. Since cloning brings up the possibility of clone armies or totalitarian cloned states created by rogue Governments, it should be pointed out that these scenarios are highly unlikely. Considering that a government wouldShow MoreRelatedCloning Is The Cloning Of Cloning1818 Words   |  8 Pagesorganism. Cloning means an organism is generated genetically identical from an existing organism through non-sexual means. Cloning simply means to make an identical duplication of genes, fragments of DNA molecules, organs, or cells. There are three different types of artificial cloning. They include gene cloning, reproductive cloning, and therapeutic cloning. Gene cloning produces copies of gene segments of DNA. 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Leadership Is An Important Element Of The Management...

1 Steve Jobs CEO, Apple Introduction Leadership is an important element of the management function. Leadership involves ability to integrate human resources and firm’s goals. Different situations may warrant different kinds of leadership. A business leader knows how to motivate people, accomplish goals, and get things done quickly. Leaders act as middlemen between employees and organization s objectives. Leaders reveal attributes of courage, creativity, and entrepreneurial energy. Strong leaders are essential to the success of an organization. To be a successful leader, an individual must be innovative, able to constructive criticism, and possess power to influence others. Steve Jobs’ leadership style is quite unique and influencing. We can see a lot of examples of great business leader in real life. One of them is Steve Jobs, a well-known personality all over the world. MAIN BODY In order to survive for the organization in the long run, an efficient organization is one which adapt with the changing external environment. In such case, a leader must be innovative and creative who easily diagnose the situation and implement new ideas to avoid the threat of that factor to the organization. Steve Jobs was known for his new ideas and creativity. His innovations and dedications to quality made his customer brand loyal. He came up with nano 2 technology in the market â€Å"He brought us Apple, Pixar, and desktop laser printers. He delivered one of the most-watched TED Talks ofShow MoreRelated Functions Of Management Essay1236 Words   |  5 Pageswhats really significant. Management is necessary for a business to function, yet when exploring the role of the manager, it becomes rather complex. Managers must be resourceful; they are individuals who wear many hats. The job of every manager involves what is known as the functions of management. 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Kurt Cobain and Nirvana Free Essays

Nirvana is seen as one of the most influential bands since the Beatles, and Kurt Cobain as one of the greatest songwriters of all time. Kurt Donald Cobain was born on the 20th February 1967. As a child he was hyperactive so he was prescribed drugs to help him concentrate but these drugs kept him awake until four am, so he was given sedatives to help him sleep. We will write a custom essay sample on Kurt Cobain and Nirvana or any similar topic only for you Order Now At the age of seven his parents divorced, this left Kurt shy and ‘difficult’ to control. For this much of his young life he lived with various family members, once he even lived with his school headmaster for a few months. He was also homeless for some time. During this time he lived beneath a bridge. This period of his life is reflected in the song ‘Sliver’ â€Å"Mom and dad went to the show, they dropped me at Grandpa Joe’s, I kicked and screamed, said please and please, oh Grandma take me home†. In 1979 when Kurt’s dad joined a record club, this exposed Kurt to legendary rock/metal bands such as Led Zeppelin, Black Sabbath and Kiss. He also took an interest in British punk, especially Sex Pistols and The Clash. On Kurt’s fourteenth birthday he bought his first guitar and spent a lot of time trying to develop his own unique musical style. He also spent much of his time going to concerts in Seattle and he was a roadie for a band called ‘Melvins’. Around this time Kurt went over to his friend Robert Novoselic’s house where he met Robert’s brother Krist, the future bass guitar player for Nirvana. Krist Anthony Novoselic was born on May sixteenth 1965 in Compton California. His parents were Croatian immigrants (Novoselic means ‘new settler’ in Croation). When Krist was younger he and his younger brother Robert enjoyed vandalism, slashing tyres and throwing rocks at cars and houses. When he was fourteen his parents sent him to Croatia because they were worried about his depression, Krist enjoyed living in Croatia because there he started hearing different bands like Black Sabbath, Led Zeppelin, The Sex Pistols and The Ramones. Eventually he was called home where he began to drink and smoke pot heavily. It is not definitely known when Kurt and Kris began making music, but they recorded the ‘Faecal Matter Demo† in 1982 at Kurt’s aunt Mari’s house. Kurt and Kris experimented with many different drummers during this time they settled on Chad Channing, he was their drummer on their first album ‘Bleach’ and on their first single ‘Love Buzz’ (which was originally released by 1960’s Dutch group ‘Shocking Blue’). He left the band soon after their first European tour. Then the lead singer of ‘Melvins’ introduced Kurt and Kris (by now calling themselves ‘Nirvana’) to a drummer called David Grohl. Kurt and Kris were astounded at how good he was and immediately asked him to join them. He agreed. With Dave now behind the drums the true sound of Nirvana was released. They managed to combine loud distorted guitar riffs with smooth melodies while still producing a sound that, while totally original, was also a pleasure to listen to. The band moved their contract to Geffen Records and near the end of 1991 released their album ‘Nevermind’. It went to one hundred and forty-four on the album chart, but after an appearance on the MTV show ‘Headbanger’s Ball’ (MTV was the only music channel that had alternative music, and this show in particular was one of the most popular MTV programs ever) and a live performance on ‘Saturday Night Live’, the album went straight to number one despite competition from Michael Jackson. This new album was revolution in music, and did what many other bands could not. The music on the album did not follow any traditional structures and was extremely distinctive from any other bands of the time. Typically the album had slow verses and faster choruses. This is true of such songs as ‘Smells Like Teen Spirit’ and ‘In Bloom’ which were both released as singles. ‘Smells like Teen Spirit’ reached the UK top ten (Nirvana did appear live on Top of The Pops once, but that particular performance was extremely distorted and did not sound much like ‘Smells Like Teen Spirit’). This could be because Kurt did not like his new fame and wanted to rid himself of his new image as spokesman for a generation). At this time in his life Kurt began taking drugs more often, mostly heroine and morphine. On the January twenty-fourth 1992 Kurt married Courtney Love in Waikiki, Hawaii. Six months later their daughter ‘Frances-Bean’ was born. At the time there was an article in the magazine ‘Vanity Fair’ saying that Courtney had used Heroin while pregnant. Social services got involved and the Cobains were not allowed to be alone with their daughter for the first month of her life. Soon after, Nirvana began to record their album ‘In Utero’, the working title was ‘I Hate Myself and Want to Die’. The aim of this album was to lose all of the ‘false fans’ that liked Nirvana only because of the popularity of ‘Nevermind’, and all of the people who only liked ‘Smells Like Teen Spirit’. This album was a return to the old days of ‘Bleach’ (in fact many of the songs were supposed to be on ‘Bleach’). The album was a success, in that it did what the band wanted, it did not sell as quickly as ‘Nevermind’ and many of their former followers stopped liking the band. While on tour in Italy Kurt fell into a coma after a mixture of champagne and a prescripted medicine. This was later revealed as an attempted suicide. When he woke up he asked for a milkshake and went back home. Courtney threatened to divorce him if he did not sort out his drug problems so he went to a voluntary rehabilitation centre. A few days later he escaped (jumping over a wall) and went to his house (he said the centre was â€Å"A place for retards†). When Courtney found out he had left she did not know where he had gone. She cancelled his credit card and expected him to phone her when he ran out of money. She also hired private investigator Tom Grant to track Kurt down. About a week later Kurt’s body was discovered in the greenhouse above the garage. After a police investigation they concluded that he had taken a triple overdose of heroin and then put the barrel of a shotgun in his mouth, before pulling the trigger. In the suicide note (addressed to his childhood imaginary friend Boddah) he spoke of how he did not really enjoy performing his music. He wanted to be exhilarated like Freddie Mercury had been before playing a concert, but he couldn’t do it. He also did not want his daughter to turn out how he did. In the end he says to remember â€Å"It’s better to burn out than to fade away† which is exactly what he did. How to cite Kurt Cobain and Nirvana, Papers

Chinese Kinship Systems Essay Example For Students

Chinese Kinship Systems Essay It would be impossible to disagree with the statement that Chinese kinship is based on male predominance. In fact this statement may even be under-emphasizing the control and absolute power that males wield across all levels of Chinese society. Of course, where their power initially comes from though, is through the family or termed differently the jia. It is this extended or ideal family that cultivates the consistent patrilineal form of control/descent and dictates that residence in said jia is primarily patrilocal. That being said, what I hope to be able to create over the following pages is a clearer understanding of the ideal (Chinese) system of control. This ideal system,based on the ideal of male predominance, is outlined impeccably in the writings of Baker, Watson and Xiaotong. There are also excellent examples of an ideal jia and its power structure in Wolfs ethnography, The House of Lim. But Wolfs ethnography also outlines examples whereby the ideal system of dominance is n ot always put into practice or is just not as smooth running as the writings of the 3 former anthropologists would have you believe. It is my aim then, to include examples of a patriarchal system encountering problems and realities that are difficult to explain in an ideal sense.There is little doubt, according to Baker, that the first and foremost aspect to understanding Chinese families and society at large is the importance placed on male relationships and descent that is traced through a male line. In contrast, women in Chinese society were given little thought and even less power. They were to be used as reproducers of the male line and to aid in home/farm labour, apart from this; women had only small amounts of power and responsibility. In fact, the patriarchal system demanded that a wifes only connection with her husbands family be through the husband himself. Her future then, was caught up with his and her sons only, and she is expected to see her husbands interests as param ount in importance (Baker, 1979).Yet, women and childbirth, were essential to the continuation of the patrilineal system, which started with the birth of a son or sons to any kinship system be they peasant or gentry class. It was considered vitally important in Chinese society, that a wife bare a son as soon as possible not only for the continuity of descent (Baker, 1979), but also for her own well being and position in her own family. I will return to this point later, but before going anywhere further it is best to ask why a son was so important in the first place? There is, of course, a myriad of strong reasons, one reason being that surnames were passed down through the male line. This process meant that a male child was needed to take the surname of their father not their mother. Meaning that surname in China was integral to creating a kinship system, which placed heavy emphasis on male superiority. It was through this handed-down surname, that the massive kinship systems such as a lineage or a clan could be generated and held together over generations and generations. Hereditary surnames were also the primary form of hierarchical family organization, and were inherently needed to practice ancestor worship. This type of worship, through a patrilineal method, was exercised even after kinship members had long since been deceased. The handing of the surname to a fathers son (s), then meant that he now existed to continue not only his present family but the extended family that came before him, and the jia that would surface in the future. Bakers use of a rope metaphor works well here, depicting a rope (standing for male heirs and descendents) which stretches back into the past and forward into the future. The rope at any one time may be thicker or thinner according to the number of strands (jia) or fibers (male individuals) which exist, but so long as one fiber remains the rope is there.That is the individual alive is the personification of all his forebears and all of his descendents yet unborn (Baker, 1979). Surname, then, depicted who you were, who you had control over and who you needed to respect and worship.Another major reason why a male child was so important in the Chinese kinship system, was the fact that inheritance followed the male line of descent. While it is interesting that Chinese kinship rules dictated that homogeniture be practiced, it was not as interesting that they followed the rule of inheritance through the male line of descent (I should clarify myself when I say not interesting, I mean it only in the sense of comparing China to other parts of the world where patrilineal inheritance was exceedingly common, yet the same places usually followed the rules of primogeniture not homogeniture). Inheritance usually involved the equal division of the family estate among brothers, which ideally occurred at the death of the household head or at a time agreed upon by all the senior kinship members. In contrast, while sons i nherited equal amounts of the estate, daughters usually inherited no farmland, property or any tangible/collateral goods at all. This was the case even though during childhood both sons and daughters were looked after by their parents, and both adopt the fathers surname (at least for their childhood, and possibly for young adolescence as well) (Xiaotong, 1983).Yet, by the time they reach adulthood and marriage is upon them, the son will continue to reside in the fathers home, while the daughter will be shipped out of her own jia and into the home of her arranged husband. This process of shipping out daughters is highly beneficial to the Chinese patriarchal system, in so much as the daughters must willingly take her new husbands surname as her own. Thereby becoming a part of his family and losing all ties to her own. Once this surname change has been completed, the daughters had no legal right to receive an inheritance that equaled or even resembled their brothers and as already ment ioned above, were not recognized shareholders in the family property (Watson, 1991). Ideally then, property is inherited by the son (s) whose obligation it is to support the parents when they reach old age. And by the third generation only the children of the son (s) carry on a continuous line of affiliation. The children of the daughter(s) in contrast, assume their own fathers surname and in turn become but distant relatives (Baker, 1979). In essence, this form of male dominance or patrilineal descent was utilized to the near exclusion of other ties, and as Watson puts it, this had of course a profound consequence not only on womens property rights but also on their ability to perform as the social equal of their brothers and husbands (Watson, 1991).It should be clear (or at least clearer) by now, that what is essential for the smooth running of a Chinese family is the existence of males, and more importantly the birth of males to a specific family. This in turn means that a union between a husband and wife must be formulated. It has been said earlier that most of these marriages were pre-arranged, usually before the son or daughter reached their teenage years. One important aspect of these unions is the fact that most newly wed couples continue to reside patrilocally. The newly inherited daughter-in-law comes to reside permanently with her husbands family, which is usually headed by a senior agnate or more specifically her husbands father (Baker, 1979). Sadly the majority of Chinese brides enter their husbands families and communities as hardly anything more than strangers. Which means that they have no social ties, nor economic ones to the new household they are forced to join. Due to patrilocal tradition, the newly created daughter-in-law must fend for herself and must establish herself in circumstances that may be far from welcoming (Watson, 1991). And because of the patriarchal systems that are in place in Chinese society, parents then before an arranged marriage can take place, already know that they can only rely on their sons for support, never their daughters. They know this will happen from day one of their daughters birth, no matter what happens she will leave the natal family and belong at some point to a separate non-natal family. It can therefore be possible to see just how important sons really are for the natal parents continued survival.For brides in China then, marriage means a change of address. In contrast though, most grooms continue to reside in the same communities that they were born into. This male-dominated system, as outlined by Watson, continues to create an environment in which there is a significant advantage for sons over and above daughters. Parents, Watson continues, realize that the skills of local daughters will be lost to the environment when daughters marry. In sum, patrilocal residence means that women do not experience the emotional, economic or status continuity that is enjoyed by their brothers a nd husbands (Watson, 1991).Interestingly, or perhaps ironically, is the fact that for women to improve their patrilocal position in their family, they must give birth to a male child as soon as possible. Before the birth of a male child, in an ideal Chinese family, husband and wife would not sit close to each other and would seldom be overheard talking to one another. Social stigmatization was apparent and readily enforced due to the supposed barrenness of the chosen wifes womb. With the birth of a son, a wifes position in the family was definitely strengthened. It is strange though by western traditions, to look at the absolute power such a young male child can have over an adult woman. For instance, the curtain of silence can now be raised and the child can signal the bonafide admittance of this woman into the family (Baker, 1979). The reasons, according to Xiaotong, that it is so important for the wife to have a male child is two-fold: 1) It ensures, in the first place, the conti nuity of the line of descent; and 2) it is a concrete expression of filial piety by the future father towards his ancestors. Everything prior to this has been based on the ideal or traditional system of kinship regulations. By no means is it an exhaustive look at the ideal rules outlining patrilineal dominance or patrilocal residence. What it instead creates is an image that Chinese society means to mimic. Of course there are times in reality where it is next to impossible to completely mimic or mirror the ways of an ideal society. What in turn is created, in society, can be termed a patrilineal modification. Some examples of this type of modification can be found in The House of Lim, which I will turn to shortly. But first I would like to include a patrilineal anomaly that occurs outside of traditional society. This anomaly deals with the possibility of a family conceiving no sons and instead conceiving only daughters. When this happens (though rare) a modification to the existing system must transpire. What happens is that said family, brings in an adopted son-in-law from outside of the integral kinship group. Once an agreement has been struck between the affinal and non-affinal parties, then the adopted husband will come and live in his wifes house with his wifes parents. Any children that are born into this union will assume the daughters parents surname, not his own (Xiaotong, 1983). This example is raised, because in and of itself, it contradicts what has been outlined before as a strict and claustrophobic patrilineal system. What this and examples from The House of Lim will show is the flexibility and variability that is also inherent to any kinship system.The Lim family in many respects in Taiwanese society, is both typical and at times atypical of the normal kinship forms found in the majority of Taiwanese homes (Wolf, 1968). Much of the atypical reasons, center around the size and inherent complexity of the Lims abode. Margery Wolf is quick to point out that the Lims household is comprised of fourteen permanent members and still manages to be the only family retaining the eminence of being, united under one roof. Ironically this situation is actually the ideal situation sought after throughout Taiwan and China. It is the aspiration of most families, to one day be able to house separate male dominated descent lines under one roof and under one headsman. What is common in reality though, is the occurrence of friction between brothers, especially married brothers living together in close quarters. No matter how strong the ancestral father or mother, the normal course of action is for the brothers to begin to squabble over power and domination of the family. And even though in a strictly traditional sense, the younger brother(s) should give in without a fight, this rarely happens in reality. The younger brother is meant to stay submissive, says Baker, and as long as the father is alive and the younger brother stays single, it is po ssible. Yet in most families, once the younger brother gets married the struggle for dominance escalates, with the only resolution the division of the family home and wealth (Baker, 1979). Wolf mentions this in her ethnography and goes on to say, occasionally a large family for a time escapes this fate. The Lim family was such a one. The potential new families were not realized. Lim Chieng-cua together with his wife and children remained along with his older brothers widow and descendents in an undivided family. This situation is what makes the Lims so unique. Their household becomes the ideal, or if you will, the prototypical stereotype of a perfect patrilineal family, where power and control is channeled through a single male head (Lim Chieng-cua). DRESS CODES Essay How was it possible then, that such an ideal structure was created in the Lim family, while other families succumbed to the usual separation? Many reasons are subtlety outlined in Wolfs ethnography, but two unique ones stand out above the rest. The first stems directly from Lim Han-cis strong character and personality. He was a true patriarchal head, a father who was exceedingly active in training and controlling his family (Wolf, 1968). Lim Han-ci generated for his family a reputation and a name, which survived his ultimate death. Though at times brutal, Lim Han-ci became a symbol to the Lim family, outlining what the family needed to strive for in succeeding generations. In fact, all fourteen members of the family protected the honor that Lim Han-ci created, as if he was still present and walking among them. It is through this type of patrilineal respect that Lim Chieng-cua was able to maintain such a high degree of control (Wolf, 1968). This of course, was not the only reason that power became vested in the hands of Lim Chieng-cua. Another focal point that transferred power to the third eldest was the death of Lim Hue-lieng. Without the events surrounding Lim Hue-lieng, it seems less likely that the Lim family would have maintained such close ties. His death strengthened Lim Chieng-cuas position immensely, because as mentioned above, there was now only one brother. And one brother meant that there should be no squabble over inheritance and more importantly no division of kinship power. Yet, if Lim Hue-lieng had still been living with the Lim family when he became terminally ill, his effect on the power situation might have been altered. What I am referring to, is Lim Hue-liengs past ventures into Taiwanese society, which caused a gap in the family, whereby patrilineal power shifted to the 3rd eldest son. Patrilineally speaking, Lim Hue-lieng should have inherited control over the family, or at least commandeered more power for his wife and sons. But this did not materialize due to his revolt at nineteen, against his family and more directly against his father (Wolf, 1968). His decision to join the lo mua was an act of extreme moral violence (Wolf, 1968). Such an act was reprehensible in such a patriarchal society, because a sons first duty was to obey, respect and support his father without question. In response to this action, a proud man like Lim Han-ci had no choice but to rethink the normal kinship structure. If his family was to survive, he had to ensure that a strong family head could be found. With his remaining time, a modification to the patrilineal system occurred in that all power and knowledge should now flow to Lim Chieng-cua.It is just this type of flexibility, on a situation to situation basis that caused the Lim family to remain united under one roof for so long. Sadly though, they could not maintain their unification indefinitely. Why not? It seems according to Baker and Xiaotong, that patrilineal power should have kept Lim Chieng-cua in charge until his death, but it did not. The patrilineal modification may then, have only delayed the inevitable. The inevitable being that Lim Hue-liengs first family (residing in the Lim household) eventually decided that Lim Chieng-cua was treating them with undue negativity and disrespect. The main culprit of the division, Lim A-pou, to her credit did not start to voice her displeasure with the situation until after her foster fathers death and the death of her husband. She believed (and probably rightly so) that because of her marriage to the eldest son, she would have some control over her own future particularly as the elder generations began to turn over their priority (Wolf, 1968). This position though, was compromised by the death of Lim Hue-lieng, and while Lim A-pou was still being consulted by the head of the family at this point. She was probably not given the amount of respect warranted to her position. From that moment forward, jealousy probably played an integral part in her quiet campaign for division (Wolf, 1968). And as arguments between Lim Chieng-cua became more frequent, she began to ur ge Lim A-bok _her eldest son) to also be less compliant in his dealings with his uncle (Wolf 1968). Ideally this should not have been allowed, but according to Wolf,Lim Chieng-cua was not the father. He was only the eldest male of the family and was a second son at that. The widow of the eldest son (Lim A-pou)- the son who under ordinary circumstances would be in Chieng-cuas position -is still alive and now has a son (Lim A-bok) who is contributing a full share to the family budget. Undoubtedly this ambiguity in structure of the family influences the attitudes of Lim A-pou and her son.This ambiguity was the eventual death of the united Lim family. Walls were mounted, positions dissolved and property/wealth were divided up as equally as possible. It was not though, the death of the patrilineal system. Patrilocal residence would continue for all of the Lim (future) families, ancestral worship would also continue and male dominance and gender inequality would still reign supreme. In fa ct very little underneath the surface or socially would change at all, the family would remain a residential and economic unit composed primarily of males. And in order to reproduce itself it would still be forced to import women as brides, and dispose of females born into it by marrying them off to other families. Finally, it would continue to lay heavy stress on relationships through males, and tended to play down those through females, while there was an accompanying stress on the importance of men as opposed to women (Baker, 1979).